Chromatography

   Water SolubilityAdd approximately 6 drops of water to the test tube containing your unknown.  Shake the tube and/or stir with a glass stirring rod. A soluble unknown will form a homogeneous solution with water, while an insoluble liquid will remain as a separate phase. A liquid which is soluble in water may be either a low molecular weight polar compound of up to 5 carbon atoms or less. You may add additional water, up to 1 mL, if your compound does not completely dissolve with the smaller amount. Check the pH of the water to determine if your unknown is partially or completely soluble in water and whether your compound has changed the pH of the water. pH paper tus red: water soluble acidic compound pH paper tus blue: water soluble basic compound pH paper does not change color: water soluble neutral  .]2) 5% NaOH SolubilityAdd approximately 1 mL of 5% NaOH in small portions of about 6 drops each to the test tube containing your unknown. Shake test tube vigorously after the addition of each portion of solvent. Solubility will be indicated by the formation of a homogeneous solution, a color change, or the evolution of gas or heat. If soluble, then your unknown Chromatography...ادامه مطلب

 sodium test The sodium fusion test is used in elemental analysis for the qualitative determination of the presence of halogens, nitrogen and sulphur in an organic compound. It was developed by J. L. Lassaigne.[1] The test involves heating the sample strongly with clean sodium metal, "fusing" it with the sample. A variety of techniques has been described. The "fused" sample is plunged into water, and the usual qualitative tests are performed on the resultant solution for the respective possible constituents.[1] The halogens, nitrogen and sulphur are covalently bonded to the organic compounds. In order to detect them, the elements need to be converted into their ionic forms. This is done by fusing the organic compound with sodium metal. The ionic compounds formed during the fusion are extracted in aqueous solution and can be detected by simple chemical tests. The extract is called sodium fusion extract or Lassaigne's extract. When an organic compound is heated strongly with sodium, any halogens, nitrogen, and sulphur will be converted into inorganic sodium salts such as sodium halide (for halides), sodium cyanide (for nitrogen), sodium sulfide (for sulphur), and sodium thiocyanat Chromatography...ادامه مطلب

3and 5. di nitro benzoic acid derivative of the common alcohols, ethers and is phenyl polyurethane. Alpha-naphthyl polyurethane may also be used, but this test is used for more phenols  Preparation of 3 and 5 Diy nitro benzoate:   A combination of 3 and 5 January Nytrvbnzvyyl chloride with alcohol, the corresponding ester is obtained and the methods for primary alcohols, secondary and tertiary appropriate. Especially for Alklhayy that is dissolved in water and minor amounts of water may be useful.  p. 368–375;     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,5-Dinitrobenzoic_acid  Test method: liquid alcohols:  2ml of alcohol in a dry test tube with about half a gram of 3 and 5 December nitro-benzoyl chloride mixture and gently boil it for 5 minutes. Add about 10 ml of distilled water and the solution is cooled in an ice bath until a solid product is obtained. The raw product collected and washed with 10 mL of 2% sodium carbonate and water solution - crystallized photos Atanvlmjdda. ) solid alcohols:  1g of solid alcohol in 5 ml of dry pyridine solution and half a gram of 3 and 5 December nitro benzoyl chloride to add it. Heat the mixture to reflux for 15 minutes Weights. The re Chromatography...ادامه مطلب

     Water SolubilityAdd approximately 6 drops of water to the test tube containing your unknown.  Shake the tube and/or stir with a glass stirring rod. A soluble unknown will form a homogeneous solution with water, while an insoluble liquid will remain as a separate phase. A liquid which is soluble in water may be either a low molecular weight polar compound of up to 5 carbon atoms or less. You may add additional water, up to 1 mL, if your compound does not completely dissolve with the smaller amount. Check the pH of the water to determine if your unknown is partially or completely soluble in water and whether your compound has changed the pH of the water. pH paper tus red: water soluble Chromatography...ادامه مطلب

 sodium test The sodium fusion test is used in elemental analysis for the qualitative determination of the presence of halogens, nitrogen and sulphur in an organic compound. It was developed by J. L. Lassaigne.[1] The test involves heating the sample strongly with clean sodium metal, "fusing" it with the sample. A variety of techniques has been described. The "fused" sample is plunged into water, and the usual qualitative tests are performed on the resultant solution for the respective possible constituents.[1] The halogens, nitrogen and sulphur are covalently bonded to the organic compounds. In order to detect them, the elements need to be converted into their ionic forms. This is done b Chromatography...ادامه مطلب

3and 5. di nitro benzoic acid derivative of the common alcohols, ethers and is phenyl polyurethane. Alpha-naphthyl polyurethane may also be used, but this test is used for more phenols  Preparation of 3 and 5 Diy nitro benzoate:   A combination of 3 and 5 January Nytrvbnzvyyl chloride with alcohol, the corresponding ester is obtained and the methods for primary alcohols, secondary and tertiary appropriate. Especially for Alklhayy that is dissolved in water and minor amounts of water may be useful.  p. 368–375;     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,5-Dinitrobenzoic_acid  Test method: liquid alcohols:  2ml of alcohol in a dry test tube with about half a gram of 3 and 5 December n Chromatography...ادامه مطلب

Identification of phenol, ferric chloride Identification of phenol are ferric chloride ferric chloride: test-diaminopyridine-diaminopyridine: This test in order to identify phenol to work. phenol are usually solved in not solving the acid and are therefore in the Group A2. Add some alpha-naphthol to 2 ml of pure chloroform-in a dry environment. After assuring alpha-naphthol dissolution, we add about 5-6 drops of ferric chloride reagent. Then add about 3 drops of pyridine, which is very toxic, to the solution.The test is positive when mixed in blue, violet, purple, green, brownish, and pale yellow orange flowers are considered negative for this test.In this experiment, pyridine is used as an Chromatography...ادامه مطلب

Aldehydes Compounds with general formula RCHO and ketones are compounds with the general formula RRCO. Both groups have a carbonyl group that performs similar reactions. In fact, the chemistry of these compounds is the chemistry ofthe carbonyl functional group. Due to the electron and spatial factors, aldehydes are more easily oxidized to ketones and are more reactive than ketones in increasing the nucleolifilia. Identification of these compounds is possible by the characteristic reactions of the carbonyl functional group.Chemical properties of aldehyde and ketoneThe most important interactions that aldehyde and ketones are involved in are:1- Electron-induced electrochemical attack on Oxygen Chromatography...ادامه مطلب

Identify Carboxylic acids , amines and amino acids   Carboxylic Acids: Determination of Equivalent Weight (or Neutralization Equivalent)   Molecular Weight DeterminationGenerally, any acid (or base) can be titrated using standard solutions of base (or acid). The neutralization equivalent obtained is usually a simple fraction of the molecular weight (1, 1/2, 1/3, etc). In the titration of an acid with standard base, the endpoint is reached when all the acid is neutralized and a drop of excess base is added. If phenolphthalein is used as the indicator, it will tu red at this instant. For a dicarboxylic acid such as malonic acid, the endpoint is reached when the last of the acid is converte Chromatography...ادامه مطلب

Thin-layer (TLC)is a chromatographic technique that is useful for separating organic compounds. Because of the simplicity and rapidity of TLC, it is often used to the progress of organic reactions and to check the purity of . Method Thin-layer consists of a stationary phase immobilized on a or plastic plate, and an organic . The sample, either or dissolved in a volatile solvent, is deposited as a on the stationary phase. The constituents of a sample can be identified by simultaneously running with the unknown. The bottom edge of the plate is placed in a reservoir, and the moves up the plate by action. When the front reaches the other edge of the stationary phase, the plate is remo Chromatography...ادامه مطلب